Endo – Pharmacology

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Endocrinology

Endo – Pharmacology

Compiled Questions from Modular + Annual Exams on Endo  – Pharmacology

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When a side effect arises due to hormonal interference from a medication, think about whether a structurally or mechanistically different drug could achieve the same goal—without the unwanted hormonal effect.

1 / 91

Tags: 2018

If a patient taking spironolactone develops gynecomastia as an adverse effect, what is the recommended management?

Think about what determines how much hormone you need to replace — the body’s natural production, the size of the patient, and whether any systems (especially the heart) could be stressed by increasing metabolism too quickly.

2 / 91

Tags: 2018

What is the recommended initial dose of levothyroxine for patients without ischemic heart disease who require thyroid hormone replacement?

When administering protein-based medications, consider the route of delivery most likely to preserve their structure and function. What happens to proteins in the digestive tract?

3 / 91

Tags: 2018

What is incorrect about insulin?

Among the hormones that influence digestion, which one specifically targets the pancreas to stimulate enzyme secretion in response to fats and proteins? Think about who tells the pancreas to “get to work.”

4 / 91

Tags: 2018

Somatostatin inhibits which of the following hormones to decrease the pancreatic exocrine secretions?

When blood pressure spikes due to a surge in stress hormones, it takes more than typical meds — you need something that stops the squeeze at the receptor level.

5 / 91

Tags: 2018

Phentolamine is used to reduce hypertension in which of these?

When the hormone is high but its natural byproduct is missing, consider whether the hormone came from outside the body.

6 / 91

Tags: 2018

 

A nurse is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of hypoglycemia. Laboratory investigations reveal elevated insulin levels with low C-peptide levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her hypoglycemia?

If a drug stores sugar in tissues more efficiently, think about what else might get stored along with it — especially when your patient starts swelling.

7 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which class of diabetes drug causes peripheral edema?

If you give too much of a hormone that increases metabolism, which system in the body is likely to show early signs of being over-revved?

8 / 91

Tags: 2018

What are the side effects of levothyroxine?

When targeting an organ that naturally pulls something from the digestive tract, consider how the body normally absorbs that substance.

9 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following is wrong about radioactive iodine?

Sometimes the same tool that helps you see what’s wrong is also the tool that fixes the problem — especially when your target organ is hungry for what you’re offering.

10 / 91

Tags: 2018

Radioactive iodine uptake is used for which of the following?

Imagine a hidden hormonal condition that depends on life-saving daily medication. What if a new drug secretly speeds up the breakdown of that medication — and no one notices until it’s too late?

11 / 91

Tags: 2018

A 45-year-old patient has been prescribed the 4-drug anti-tuberculous regimen for the next 3 months following a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, a few days later it is reported that the patient expired. What underlying undiagnosed condition most likely resulted in the demise of this patient?

Think about which drug would be chosen when a physician needs a powerful anti-inflammatory effect that lasts for more than a day, without needing frequent re-dosing or affecting salt balance much.

12 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following is the long-acting glucocorticoid?

Think of the antihypertensive that improves insulin sensitivity and protects the kidneys.

13 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following drugs are used to treat hypertension in metabolic syndrome?

Think about whether this hormone tells the kidneys to hold on to water or let it go.

14 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding vasopressin?

Think about what the digestive system does to proteins. Would a hormone made of amino acids survive this journey intact to carry out its function?

15 / 91

Tags: 2018

Instead of taking insulin intravenously, a patient started taking insulin orally. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

When your body is growing too much due to a hormone, the best drugs are either mimics of its natural inhibitor or blockers of its receptor. Which choice offers both?

16 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following drug is used to treat acromegaly?

Among the options, which one is classically associated with sympathetic “fight or flight” responses — and also paradoxically activates somatostatin?

17 / 91

Tags: 2018

Exogenous administration of which of the following substances will decrease the release of growth hormone?

Think of the most effective class of drugs that directly targets LDL cholesterol, especially in patients with existing cardiovascular disease.

18 / 91

Tags: 2018

A person with cardiovascular disease wants to decrease his low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. What would be the preferred suggestion?

If a drug treats hyperthyroidism by blocking thyroid hormone production in the mother, what do you expect it to do to the fetus who depends on that same hormone?

19 / 91

Tags: 2018

A 36-year-old woman who was on medication for hyperthyroidism gives birth to a baby with fetal hypothyroidism. Which of the following drugs was she taking?

Which drug on this list is known to contain a high level of iodine and directly interferes with thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism — often used in cardiac care?

20 / 91

Tags: 2019

Which of the following drugs can cause drug-induced hypothyroidism?

Think about how long a long-acting hormone takes to reach a new steady state in the bloodstream. What timing would capture the first meaningful change in lab values after initiating treatment?

21 / 91

Tags: 2019

A hypothyroid patient is treated with thyroxine. How frequently should a thyroid function test be repeated?

Which class of drugs has the strongest evidence for reducing LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular events, especially in patients with diabetes?

22 / 91

Tags: 2019

A 50-year-old male with Diabetes Mellitus comes to the clinic for a regular medical checkup. On examination, the patient has a BMI of 29, bilateral and yellow plaques on the eyelids. The physician orders a lipid panel to check for blood levels of LDL-C and triglycerides. If reports show an increase in LDL-C, which of the following drugs should the patient be started on?

What life-threatening condition can result if the body suddenly loses a hormone it has stopped producing on its own due to long-term external replacement? Think about the stress response and what hormone is essential for it.

23 / 91

Tags: 2019

A 37-year-old female who had a kidney transplant two months ago is currently on immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. She suddenly stops taking prednisone. This puts her at an increased risk of developing which of the following?

Which insulin behaves like a slow, steady drip of water from a tap—no peaks, just 24-hour background coverage?

24 / 91

Tags: 2019

Which of the following insulin preparations provides 24 hour effects?

Think about which insulin you’d want working quietly in the background all day, not spiking or crashing—just keeping the blood sugar steady like a good bodyguard you never notice.

25 / 91

Tags: 2019

Which of the following insulin preparations is used for long term, 24-hour activity?

In a critical moment, timing is everything. Think about which tools work immediately versus those designed to keep things steady in the long run. Would you use a slow-release option to fix an emergency?

26 / 91

Tags: 2019

A 39-year-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department after collapsing in a shopping mall. His blood sugar is 589 mg/dL. Which of the following preparations would have the least effect on his blood sugar level?

Consider which drug group is known for causing widespread metabolic changes, including increased appetite, altered fat distribution, and fluid retention — often prescribed for inflammation or autoimmune conditions.

27 / 91

Tags: 2019

While prescribing which one of the following drugs should physicians be aware that it might cause weight gain?

Think about how thyroid hormones are synthesized—what steps occur before T3 and T4 are formed? Where would a drug intervene to reduce the production of active thyroid hormones without blocking their release?

28 / 91

Tags: 2019

Which of the following is the effect of propylthiouracil on thyroid hormone?

PTU breaks the wedding of MIT and DIT — no couple, no T3–T4 party.

29 / 91

Tags: 2024

Propylthiouracil (PTU) reduces thyroid hormone levels through which of the following mechanisms?

Which drug used in heart disease has such a high iodine content that it can confuse the thyroid into shutting down hormone production?

30 / 91

Tags: 2020

A 62-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of weight gain and lethargy. He suffers from hypertension and ischemic heart disease, for which he is taking drugs. His TSH and FT4 levels are 21 mIU/L and 0.02 ng/dL, respectively. Considering drug-induced hypothyroidism, which of the following drug might be the most common cause?

When time is critical and blood glucose needs to be lowered immediately, which type of insulin delivery would make the most sense?

31 / 91

Tags: 2020

Which of the following explains why regular insulin is used in a hyperglycemic emergency?

If the body can’t hold onto water because of a missing hormone, what kind of replacement would restore that function?

32 / 91

Tags: 2020

In which of the following conditions is vasopressin indicated?

When calcium climbs high, a certain substance calmly says — “Go back into bone, bhai.”

33 / 91

Tags: 2024

A patient is found to have elevated serum calcium levels. Which of the following agents is the most appropriate pharmacological treatment to lower calcium levels?

no hormone — MIT and DIT never get married, T₃ and T₄ never born.

34 / 91

Tags: 2024

Anti-thyroid agents such as methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU) reduce circulating levels of free T₃ and T₄ by interfering with which of the following steps in thyroid hormone synthesis?

If cortisol is a matchstick, then well this glucocorticoid  is a flamethrower — tiny dose, huge power. POCKET ROCKET!

35 / 91

Tags: 2024

Among the following glucocorticoids, which is considered the most potent in terms of anti-inflammatory and glucocorticoid activity?

Think about what “basal glucose control” implies:

  • Constant: It needs to work steadily, without big ups and downs.
  • 24-hour: It needs to last a full day or close to it.
  • No pronounced peak: This is key, as a peak would mean a higher risk of hypoglycemia at that point, which is undesirable for background control.

36 / 91

Tags: 2024

A patient with diabetes mellitus is prescribed an insulin preparation designed to provide consistent 24-hour basal glucose control with no pronounced peak. Which of the following insulin types has this pharmacokinetic profile?

When the body gets what it needs from the outside, does it still bother making it inside? Think about how the system reacts to an excess of a hormone mimic.

37 / 91

Tags: 2022

If a person is given steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, what will be the drug’s effect on this person?

Which steroid would you choose if you needed the maximum anti-inflammatory effect with minimal fluid retention?

38 / 91

Tags: 2022

Which of the following is the most potent corticosteroid?

What would your brain and adrenal glands do if you were constantly taking high doses of hormones that they normally try to produce?

39 / 91

Tags: 2022

Which of the following results will the reports show in a 35-year-old patient taking pharmacological doses of steroidal antiinflammatory drugs for asthma?

When a powerful hormone-like drug is used for a long time, the body often downregulates its own natural production of the same substance. Think about what happens when external support is suddenly removed and the internal system hasn’t yet recovered.

40 / 91

Tags: 2019

A patient was on prednisone treatment for a long period of time. What is most likely to happen if the drug is withdrawn?

If you wanted to stop a factory from producing a product, would you cut off the raw materials, block the assembly line, or destroy the warehouse? Consider what step this drug targets in hormone production.

41 / 91

Tags: 2022

Which of the following is the effect of propylthiouracil on thyroid hormone?

When choosing a treatment for a patient with both metabolic and reproductive symptoms, think about a medication that can target the root cause instead of just treating the lab numbers. Consider the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and its broader effects on the endocrine system

42 / 91

Tags: 2017

A female patient came to the clinic with the complaints of amenorrhea, increased blood sugar and obesity. She is not on any medications. Which of the following drug should be advised to her?

Think about which arthritis medications are known to cause systemic side effects like weight gain, muscle weakness, and visual changes. Could the drug mimic a hormonal syndrome if used for a long time or at high doses?

43 / 91

Tags: 2017

A 35-year-old female came to the clinic with the complaints of muscle weakness, excessive weight gain and blurry vision. She has been taking medications to relieve her arthritic pain. Which of the following medication is responsible in this case?

Which system is most sensitive to metabolic stimulation, such that sudden hormone replacement could overload its oxygen demand?

44 / 91

Tags: 2023

In which of the following diseases the dose of levothyroxine is reduced?

Consider which hormone deficiency would lead to hypotension, electrolyte imbalances, hypoglycemia, and shock-like symptoms. What hormone must be urgently replaced to stabilize the patient, especially if the problem is related to the adrenal glands?

45 / 91

Tags: 2017

A 16-year-old girl came to the clinic with the complaints of lethargy and weight loss since six months. She also has hypotension and altered mentation. She also has mild flank tendernes. What is the treatment of choice?

Which neurotransmitter naturally suppresses prolactin — and what drug mimics it to shrink prolactin-secreting tumors?

46 / 91

Tags: 2023

A young female presents to her gynecologist complaining of irregular menstrual periods, galactorrhea, and decreased libido. She also reports experiencing headaches and vision changes (visual field defects). Physical examination reveals no abnormalities. A blood test is performed and prolactin levels are 800 ng/mL. What is the best management for this patient?

What therapy replaces the very hormone that’s missing in patients showing signs of uncontrolled catabolism and high blood sugar?

47 / 91

Tags: 2023

A 30-year-old patient presents with complaints of 5 kg weight loss, fatigue, lethargy, polyuria, and polydipsia. His blood sugar level was raised. What is the best treatment for this patient?

What hormone is typically missing in anovulatory cycles that can be given in a timed manner to safely trigger menstrual bleeding?

48 / 91

Tags: 2023

What is the treatment for oligomenorrhea?

Which antithyroid drug is safest to use early in pregnancy due to fewer birth defects, even though it’s not the first choice outside pregnancy?

49 / 91

Tags: 2023

A 30-year-old pregnant woman, who is a known case of Grave’s disease and has been taking medications for it came for consultation regarding her treatment during pregnancy. Which of the following will be the drug of choice for this patient?

Which class of drugs helps reduce blood glucose by acting on the kidneys, not the pancreas or liver?

50 / 91

Tags: 2023

Empagliflozin belongs to which class of drugs?

This patient’s bone density is not yet in the osteoporosis range, but her medication history puts her at high risk for fractures — which treatment would directly prevent bone resorption?

51 / 91

Tags: 2023

A 65-year-old woman came to the clinic. She has been on oral steroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and had a DEXA scan showing a T score of -1.8. Which of the following would be the best management?

Consider which anti-thyroid drug can lead to a serious side effect involving the bone marrow, resulting in low white blood cell count. This condition can present suddenly with sore throat and fever, making it a medical emergency.

52 / 91

Tags: 2017

Which of the following anti-thyroid drug is responsible for causing sore throat with fever? Total leukocyte count is also low.

Consider how the body naturally regulates blood glucose after meals. There are incretin hormones (like GLP-1) that help stimulate insulin release and suppress glucagon, but they are rapidly broken down by a specific enzyme. Sitagliptin works by targeting this enzyme. What is that enzyme?

53 / 91

Tags: 2017

What is the mechanism of action of sitagliptin?

Consider where in the body carbohydrates are broken down before they can be absorbed. Think about enzymes involved in the final steps of carbohydrate digestion. How might blocking these enzymes help control post-meal blood sugar spikes?

54 / 91

Tags: 2017

Which drug inhibits glucose absorption in the small intestine?

Consider a scenario where hypertension arises not from typical vascular resistance or fluid overload, but from sudden surges of a powerful endogenous substance that stimulates both alpha and beta receptors. In such a case, would standard antihypertensives suffice — or would you need something more targeted?

55 / 91

Tags: 2017

Phentolamine is used to reduce hypertension in which of the following conditions?

To treat a condition caused by excess of a hormone that’s normally kept in check by dopamine, what class of drug would you use — one that blocks dopamine, or one that mimics it?

56 / 91

Tags: 2018

First-line therapy for prolactinoma is:

Which drug class operates not by immediately stimulating insulin, but by turning on genes that improve how the body responds to insulin — much like rewriting the rules rather than just turning up the volume?

57 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following drugs activates the PPAR-gamma nuclear receptor?

Among the options, which one would be useful if you needed a moderately quick effect without the extreme speed of a meal-time insulin — something you might use before a meal but not immediately before?

58 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following insulin preparations is short-acting insulin?

Think about the hormone that tells your kidneys to hang onto sodium and dump potassium. Now, consider what happens if you block that hormone — which direction does potassium go?

59 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which antihypertensive drug causes hyperkalemia?

Consider which steps in thyroid hormone synthesis involve iodine chemistry — and what a drug would need to block to prevent new hormone production.

60 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following is the effect of propylthiouracil on thyroid hormone?

If a medication contains a high concentration of iodine and is prescribed to cardiac patients, think about how excess iodine might disrupt thyroid hormone synthesis.

61 / 91

Tags: 2018

A 62-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of weight gain and lethargy. He suffers from hypertension and ischemic heart disease, for which he is taking drugs. His TSH and FT4 levels are 21 mIU/L and 0.02 ng/dL, respectively. Considering drug-induced hypothyroidism, which of the following drug might be the most common cause?

Consider which insulin formulation has delayed absorption due to protamine, allowing it to act longer than regular insulin but shorter than long-acting types.

62 / 91

Tags: 2020

Which of the following is an intermediate-acting insulin?

If you want to control blood sugar by acting before glucose even enters the bloodstream, which class of drug would you choose — one that works at the gut wall, or one that acts after glucose is already absorbed?

63 / 91

Tags: 2018

Which of the following drugs acts to inhibit glucose absorption in the small intestine?

When the kidneys begin to fail, ask yourself: which medications depend on renal clearance and could become toxic even if they’ve been tolerated before?

64 / 91

Tags: 2020

A 64-year-old male who is a known case of diabetes presents to the outpatient department for a regular follow-up. His glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 28 ml/min and he is currently on mixed insulin and metformin. In the past six months he has had no hypoglycemic event. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in his treatment?

If the parasympathetic nervous system is shut down completely, what happens to secretion, digestion, urination, and heart rate — and which of these will make the skin dry?

65 / 91

Tags: 2020

Which of the following is a feature of atropine overdose?

When managing a patient in critical condition with dangerously high glucose, think about which types of insulin are designed to act fast — and which are meant to provide stability in the background.

66 / 91

Tags: 2020

A 39-year-old man with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department after collapsing in a shopping mall. His blood sugar is 589 mg/dL. Which of the following preparations will have the least effect on his blood sugar level?

If a patient presents with overstimulation of every parasympathetic system—salivating, sweating, urinating, and slowing their heart—what class of chemicals might be the culprit, and how can we regenerate the enzyme they’ve blocked?

67 / 91

Tags: 2020

A 12-year-old boy is found in a closed room with increased salivation from the mouth and sweating profusely. His pulse is 50 beats/minute and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate antidote?

What insulin regimen most closely mimics the body’s natural insulin release pattern — offering both background and meal-related coverage?

68 / 91

Tags: 2020

A 16-year-old boy has type 1 diabetes mellitus and is on mixed insulin twice daily. His HbA1c is 9.5%. Which of the following is the best next step in management?

When a diabetic patient is overweight and on a high-dose secretagogue with poor glucose control, which agent targets insulin resistance and also benefits weight and cardiovascular risk?

69 / 91

Tags: 2020

A 42-year-old woman comes to the clinic for evaluation of uncontrolled blood sugar. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and takes glimepiride 20 mg every day before breakfast. Her BMI is 32 kg/m2 and HbA1c is 8.4%. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient?

Which condition involves excessive urination due to failure of the kidneys to retain water—not because of blood sugar, but due to a missing hormone that acts on the collecting ducts?

70 / 91

Tags: 2020

Which of the following is an indication for vasopressin?

Focus on timing and duration:
If it starts working quickly and doesn’t last all day, it’s short-acting.
If it’s steady and flat with minimal peak, it’s long-acting.

71 / 91

Tags: 2016

Which of the following is short-acting insulin?

When asked about enzyme inhibition by glucocorticoids, think:
What’s the earliest enzyme in the inflammation pathway?
Block that, and you block everything downstream.

72 / 91

Tags: 2016

Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by glucocorticoids?

When considering insulin types, always ask: Is this for maintenance or emergency? If it’s an acute condition, you’ll need an IV insulin with rapid action, not long-acting or intermediate preparations.

73 / 91

Tags: 2016

Which of the following is inappropriate about neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH)?

In conditions involving insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, ask: Does this drug help or hurt carbohydrate metabolism? That will guide you to the safest choice.

74 / 91

Tags: 2016

Which of the following drugs are used to treat hypertension in metabolic syndrome?

When evaluating drug indications, ask: Does this condition benefit from vasoconstriction or antidiuretic action? If neither applies — especially in clot-related disorders — the drug is likely not indicated.

75 / 91

Tags: 2016, 2018

Which of the following is not an indication for vasopressin therapy?

When evaluating side effects of diuretics, always ask: Does this drug increase sodium reabsorption at the cost of potassium excretion — or block that process entirely? The potassium-sparing agents behave opposite to loop and thiazide diuretics.

76 / 91

Tags: 2016

Which antihypertensive drug causes hyperkalemia?

Think about the mechanism that targets nutrient absorption rather than metabolic or hormonal modulation. How might this approach differ from medications managing underlying diseases?

77 / 91

Tags: 2021

A 58-year-old woman presents to the outpatient department for a general health checkup. Her blood pressure is 140/100 mm Hg, and her pulse rate is 89 per minute. The rest of her vitals are normal. She is 163 cm tall (5’4″) and weighs 102 kg (225 lbs). Her BMI is 38.4 kg/m². She mentions that she frequently wakes up from her sleep and her husband constantly complains about her snoring. The physician advises her to lose weight for better health, but the patient complains that she has tried multiple times and follows the advice of her nutritionist religiously. She mentions she has heard of bariatric surgery and has been considering it for some time. The physician advises trying medical therapy before moving on to surgical intervention. Which of the following medications is usually prescribed to help weight loss only?

Think about why certain drugs are preferred for long-term management: Would a medication that needs conversion and has a long duration be more useful for stability — or a fast-acting one with a short duration?

78 / 91

Tags: 2016, 2018

Which of the following is inappropriate about levothyroxine?

When evaluating hormonal feedback loops, think about which substances closely mimic natural hormones without confusing the measurements used to detect them. Which synthetic steroid gives clear results without being mistaken for cortisol itself?

79 / 91

Tags: 2021

The differentiation between ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)-dependent and ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome is made by administering high doses of which of the following synthetic glucocorticoids?

Think carefully about which condition results from the absence of a natural hormone and would therefore benefit from its replacement. Which one among the options reflects a problem of water imbalance rather than sugar, airways, or heart rate?

80 / 91

Tags: 2016

In which of the following conditions is vasopressin indicated?

When managing a chronic condition with serious vascular implications, the most effective intervention is often one that targets the underlying metabolic process directly at its source, not just the lifestyle contributors or downstream symptoms.

81 / 91

Tags: 2021

A person with cardiovascular disease wants to decrease his low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. What would be the preferred suggestion?

Think about which medication not only reduces thyroid hormone production but also carries a known risk of serious bone marrow suppression.

82 / 91

Tags: 2020, 2023

A patient who is taking antithyroid drugs for hyperthyroidism develops sore throat and fever. Her total leukocyte count is low. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

In children, think beyond local effects like oral thrush—what systemic developmental parameter needs regular charting when steroid exposure is high?

83 / 91

Tags: 2025

A child with severe asthma is being treated with high doses of inhaled corticosteroids. Which of the following adverse effects is of particular concern?

For an obese person with type 2 diabetes, pick the oral drug that doesn’t raise insulin, doesn’t cause weight gain, and rarely causes hypoglycemia.

84 / 91

Tags: 2025

An obese patient who has diabetes type 2 need an oral hypoglycemic. What is the recommended drug for him?

Which preoperative agent, given for just about a week, both dampens hormone release and decreases gland blood flow, making the thyroid smaller and less vascular for surgery?

85 / 91

Tags: 2025

Which one of the following is recommended to be used before thyroidectomy to decrease the possibility of bleeding from thyroid vessels?

Think about the apical, luminal step in thyroid hormone synthesis that’s handled by one enzyme responsible for both attaching iodine to tyrosyl residues and joining those iodinated residues together. Thioamides target that enzyme. They don’t block iodide entry via NIS, don’t affect colloid proteolysis, and don’t act on the peripheral 5′-deiodination step.

86 / 91

Tags: 2025

Carbimazole acts by inhibiting:

Alcohol pushes the liver’s redox balance toward high NADH—which pathway does that nudge pyruvate into, especially when gluconeogenesis is already blocked?

87 / 91

Tags: 2025

A 54-year-old obese patient with type 2 diabetes has a history of alcoholism. In this patient, metformin should either be avoided or used with extreme caution. Combination of metformin and ethanol increases the risk of which of the following?

Which antithyroid drug is chosen acutely when you need to lower active hormone levels fast by blocking both gland synthesis and peripheral activation?

88 / 91

Tags: 2025

The following thyroid inhibitor interferes with peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine:

Among these choices, which agent directly intensifies rhythmic uterine smooth-muscle contractions via a Gq–IP₃–Ca²⁺ pathway and becomes more effective near term due to increased receptor density?

89 / 91

Tags: 2025

A 30-year-old woman had been in labor for 12 h. Although her uterine contractions were strong and regular initially, they had diminished in force during the past hour. Which of the following agents would be used to facilitate this woman’s labor and delivery?

After partial tumor removal, choose the therapy that mimics the body’s natural “brake” on anterior pituitary secretion and often reduces tumor bulk while normalizing the key growth mediator.

90 / 91

Tags: 2025

A 47 year old man exhibited signs and symptoms of acromegaly. Radiologic studies indicated the presence of a large pituitary tumor. Surgical treatment of the tumor was only partially effective in controlling his disease. At this point, which of the following drugs is most likely to be used as pharmacologic therapy?

Consider which drug blocks a hormone that is already deficient in this disease—using it would be counterproductive.

91 / 91

Tags: 2020

Which of the following drugs is ineffective in Addison’s disease?

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