Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the formation of plaques in the central nervous system (CNS). These plaques represent areas of demyelination, where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of neurons. The loss of myelin disrupts nerve signal conduction, leading to various neurological symptoms, such as:
- Weakness
- Sensory disturbances
- Visual problems (e.g., optic neuritis)
- Coordination and balance issues
MS primarily affects the CNS and can result in progressive neurological disability.
Why not the other options?
- Epilepsy: A disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Myelin is not typically affected.
- Parkinson’s disease: Involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. It does not involve demyelination.
- Cerebral palsy: A group of non-progressive motor disorders caused by brain injury or abnormal development, often occurring during birth or early life. Myelin is not specifically affected.
- Neurosyphilis: A late-stage complication of syphilis infection that affects the CNS. It damages neurons but does not involve plaque formation or demyelination.