CVS – ComMed/BehSci

CVS

CVS – ComMed/BehSci

Compiled Topical Questions of CVS – ComMed/BehSci

“Please enter your name and email so that we maybe able to send you statistics, but more importantly, a nice certificate upon completion. Thank you for using MedifyHelp!”

Think of the type of fat that not only raises LDL but also lowers HDL — the absolute worst combination for heart health.

1 / 42

Tags: 2024

Tony Soprano, A 41-year-old man visits a doctor for his concern regarding his risk of heart disease. He explains that his father died of heart attack at the age of 55 years. He seeks advice on diet. The doctor advises to cut down the use of certain fats. Which one of the following options illustrate the most important food group to be avoided by the person.

Omega-6

Saturated fat

Trans fat

Polyunsaturated fat

Monounsaturated fat

Think of the factor that an employer can actively improve through screening and wellness programs — not something fixed at birth.

2 / 42

Tags: 2024

An industrialist asks a public health specialist about the measures he can take, to control and prevent heart diseases among his employees. The public health specialist advises on the modifiable risk factors that can be addressed to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Which one of the following options illustrate the modifiable risk factor that the industrilaist can focus on?

Management of cholesterol level of employees

Age of employees

Family history of employees

Ethnicity of employees

Gender of employees

Think about the primary modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis that is directly influenced by diet and regular exercise.

3 / 42

Tags: 2024

A person had a myocardial infarction last year. He is recommended to change his diet and start exercising. A decrease in which of the following will show success of diet and exercise?

Minerals

Cholesterol

Proteins

Physical activity

Vitamins

Think about risk factors that actively raise blood pressure; absence of a risk factor does not cause hypertension.

4 / 42

Tags: 2024

Which one does not implicate among the following etiological factors in hypertension?

High alcohol consumption

Lack of exercise

High sodium intake

Lack of obesity

Low potassium intake

If you wanted to take a “snapshot” of an entire city’s health status at this very moment, which method would let you freeze that frame?

5 / 42

Tags: 2022

A researcher is conducting a research study to find the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Karachi city. Which of the following epidemiological study design should be undertaken for this research

Cohort study

Case series study

Case control study

Experimental study

Cross sectional study

If you’re analyzing how a disease arises through the interaction of a pathogen, the person it infects, and the surrounding conditions that facilitate this contact, which model gives you that structured lens?

6 / 42

Tags: 2020

Which one of the following models of disease causation involves a susceptible host, an external agent, and an environment that brings these two together?

Sufficient-component cause model

Wheel of disease causation

Epidemiologic triad

Germ theory of disease

Web of causation

Preventing heart disease can happen at different stages. If someone already has early signs of disease, what would be the best way to detect it early and prevent progression?

7 / 42

Tags: 2020

Which of the following measures can be taken as secondary prevention to avoid heart disease?

Community based approach

Screening of high risk people

Regular medical checkups

Life style modification

Exercise

Prevention of heart disease is classified into three levels:

1️⃣ Primary Prevention – Prevents the disease before it occurs.
2️⃣ Secondary Prevention – Detects and treats the disease early to prevent progression or complications.
3️⃣ Tertiary Prevention – Manages an existing disease to reduce its impact and prevent further complications.

What is Secondary Prevention?

Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and intervention in patients who are at risk of or already have early-stage heart disease but are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic.

✔️ Regular medical checkups are a key strategy in secondary prevention because they allow for:

Early diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, which are major risk factors for heart disease.
Screening for asymptomatic heart disease (e.g., silent ischemia, early atherosclerosis).
Monitoring and controlling risk factors to prevent heart disease progression.

Thus, regular medical checkups fall under secondary prevention because they help detect and intervene early in disease progression.

Analysis of Each Option:

✅ Correct Option:
🔹 “Regular medical checkups”
✔️ True – Regular health assessments help detect early cardiovascular disease, manage risk factors, and prevent disease progression.

🚫 Incorrect Options:

🔹 “Screening of high-risk people”
❌ Screening is considered primary prevention because it identifies risk factors before the disease manifests.
❌ Example: Checking cholesterol levels in healthy individuals to prevent heart disease.

🔹 “Lifestyle modification”
❌ Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, smoking cessation, exercise) are part of primary prevention, aiming to reduce the risk of developing heart disease in the first place.
❌ However, some lifestyle modifications can also be tertiary prevention in those with established disease.

🔹 “Community-based approach”
❌ Community health programs focus on primary prevention, aiming to educate the population, promote healthy behaviors, and prevent disease at a population level.

🔹 “Exercise”
❌ Exercise is a primary prevention measure, helping to reduce the risk of heart disease before it develops.
❌ It also plays a role in tertiary prevention, improving cardiovascular health in patients with existing disease.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is closely linked to modifiable risk factors like diet, weight, and smoking habits. Think about which lifestyle change has the most significant impact on reducing atherosclerosis and heart disease risk.

8 / 42

Tags: 2017

What is the most appropriate lifestyle modification to prevent coronary artery disease?

Weight reduction

Mild alcohol consumption

High fat diet

Cigarette smoking

Sugar free beverages

When considering risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), think about which ones you can control through lifestyle changes and medical management. Which of these can be reduced or eliminated to lower the risk of heart disease?

9 / 42

Tags: 2017

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease?

Obesity

Age

Sex

Race

Family history

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease and occurs due to the narrowing of coronary arteries from atherosclerosis. Risk factors for CAD are divided into modifiable (those you can change) and non-modifiable (those you cannot change).

Let’s look at why obesity is modifiable and why the others are not:

Obesity (Modifiable)
- Why it’s modifiable:
  - Obesity contributes to hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, all of which increase the risk of CAD.
  - Through weight management, healthy eating, regular exercise, and medical support, obesity can be reduced or eliminated, lowering the risk of CAD.
- Impact on CAD:
  - Leads to increased LDL (bad cholesterol) and decreased HDL (good cholesterol)
  - Promotes inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to atherosclerosis
Age (Non-modifiable)
- Why it’s non-modifiable:
  - Advancing age increases the risk of CAD due to progressive arterial changes and increased likelihood of comorbid conditions.
- CAD risk:
  - Men >45 years and women >55 years are at higher risk.
Race (Non-modifiable)
- Why it’s non-modifiable:
  - Genetic and ethnic factors affect CAD risk — for example, African Americans have higher rates of hypertension, increasing CAD risk.
Family history (Non-modifiable)
- Why it’s non-modifiable:
  - A family history of CAD suggests genetic predisposition to hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes.
- Significant CAD risk:
  - First-degree relatives with early-onset CAD (<55 years in men, <65 years in women) increase risk.
Sex (Non-modifiable)
- Why it’s non-modifiable:
  - Men are generally at higher risk for CAD at younger ages, while postmenopausal women experience increased risk due to hormonal changes.

Conclusion:
Obesity is a modifiable risk factor because it can be managed and reduced through lifestyle modifications and medical interventions, lowering CAD risk. The other options are non-modifiable and require risk management through prevention and early detection.

Think about the goal of prevention here — the treatment of streptococcal throat infection is aimed at stopping a disease before it develops. Which level of prevention focuses on preventing the onset of disease rather than managing or treating an existing condition?

10 / 42

Tags: 2017

Which level of prevention involves the treatment of streptococcal throat infection with benzathine benzylpenicillin for preventing rheumatic heart disease?

Primary prevention

Evaluation

None of these

Tertiary prevention

Secondary prevention

Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of disease by addressing risk factors and preventing initial infection or exposure. Let’s break this down in the context of rheumatic heart disease (RHD):

Primary Prevention:
- Definition: Aims to prevent the occurrence of disease by eliminating risk factors or treating early infections.
- Example: Treating streptococcal throat infection with benzathine benzylpenicillin prevents the development of rheumatic fever, which is a precursor to rheumatic heart disease.
- Why it applies here: By eradicating the infection early, we stop the autoimmune response that damages the heart valves and prevent RHD altogether.
Secondary Prevention:
- Definition: Involves early detection and treatment of a disease in its initial stages to halt its progression.
- Example: Screening for rheumatic fever and treating it early to prevent long-term complications.
- Why it doesn’t apply here: The patient does not yet have RHD — we’re preventing the initial disease, not managing an early-stage condition.
Tertiary Prevention:
- Definition: Aims to reduce disability, improve quality of life, and manage complications of an established disease.
- Example: Managing RHD with valve surgery or long-term antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent infections.
- Why it doesn’t apply here: We are not managing complications — we’re preventing them from occurring.
Evaluation:
- Not a level of prevention — it’s a process of assessing the effectiveness of interventions.
None of these:
- Clearly not applicable, since primary prevention is the correct approach.

Conclusion:
Treating streptococcal throat infection with benzathine benzylpenicillin to prevent rheumatic heart disease is a classic example of primary prevention. It stops the disease before it starts, addressing the root cause (Group A Streptococcus) and preventing long-term complications.

Think about the primary cause of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) — it’s a complication of an infection caused by a specific group of bacteria. Now consider how environmental conditions can influence the spread of this infection.

11 / 42

Tags: 2017

Which of the following environmental factors is responsible for the development of rheumatic heart disease?

Race

Gender

Overcrowding

Family history

Poor diet

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic condition that develops as a complication of rheumatic fever, which itself arises from an untreated or poorly treated Group A Streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis (Streptococcus pyogenes infection). Let’s break down why overcrowding is the most important environmental factor:

Overcrowding and Infection Spread:
- Group A Streptococcus (GAS) spreads through respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing).
- Overcrowded living conditions (like slums, refugee camps, or densely packed households) increase the risk of exposure and recurrence of streptococcal infections.
- Frequent untreated infections lead to a higher risk of developing rheumatic fever and eventually RHD.
Pathogenesis of Rheumatic Heart Disease:
- Streptococcal pharyngitis → Rheumatic fever → Immune response targeting heart tissues (molecular mimicry) → Inflammation and scarring of heart valves → RHD
- This autoimmune reaction mainly damages the mitral valve, leading to stenosis or regurgitation over time.

Why the other options are incorrect:

Poor diet:
- While malnutrition may weaken immunity, making individuals more susceptible to infections, it is not a direct cause of RHD.
- Overcrowding plays a much larger role in infection transmission.
Family history:
- There may be a genetic predisposition to autoimmune reactions, but RHD itself is not inherited — it’s a complication of an infectious disease.
Gender:
- RHD affects both males and females equally — gender is not a risk factor.
Race:
- RHD is not race-specific, but it is more prevalent in low-income regions with poor healthcare access and high rates of streptococcal infections — socioeconomic conditions matter more than race.

Conclusion:
Overcrowding is the most significant environmental factor responsible for rheumatic heart disease, as it facilitates the spread of Group A Streptococcus infections. Effective public health measures like reducing overcrowding, improving sanitation, and early treatment of streptococcal infections are key strategies to prevent RHD.

“This type of prevention focuses on identifying disease or risk factors early to intervene before complications arise.”

12 / 42

Tags: 2019

Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention for cardiovascular diseases?

Regular medical checkups

Life style modification

Community based approach

Screening the population at high risk

Exercise

“This type of crisis occurs naturally as people go through different stages of life.”

13 / 42

Tags: 2019

What is the stressful time during maturational and transitional period called?

Maturational crisis

Emergency crises

Developmental crises

None of these

Situational crises

“The aftermath of a disaster can create new challenges that were not present initially.”

14 / 42

Tags: 2019

Which of the following is a secondary disaster?

Death of loved ones after the end of trauma

Disability flashbacks

Facing situational crisis after developmental crisis

Wound infection, malnutrition, death and disease

Depression and anxiety after a traumatic event

“Helping someone through a crisis involves understanding the problem, discussing emotions, and working together on a solution.”

15 / 42

Tags: 2019

What are the main stages of crisis intervention?

Exploration only

Agreement only

Assessment only

None of these

Assessment, exploration, and agreement

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients need healthy dietary fats that lower LDL (bad cholesterol), increase HDL (good cholesterol), and reduce inflammation. Which type of fat is known for its heart-protective effects and is commonly found in fish, nuts, and plant oils?

16 / 42

Tags: 2019

Which type of lipid intake is healthy for cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients?

Medium saturated

Poly unsaturated

Trans saturated

Monosaturated

Saturated

Myocardial infarction (MI) is strongly associated with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable factors cannot be changed, but modifiable factors can be controlled or eliminated to reduce MI risk. Among the options, which modifiable factor has the greatest impact on reducing cardiovascular disease risk?

17 / 42

Tags: 2022

A 50-year-old smoker develops chest pain while doing an activity. What is the most important modifiable factor to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction?

Gender

Age

Physical inactivity

Smoking

Race

Think about the difference between actions taken before a crisis to reduce its impact and actions taken after a crisis to address its consequences. Which of the options aligns with the idea of planning and preparation to minimize harm before a disaster occurs?”

18 / 42

Tags: 2022

Japan is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the most active earthquake belt in the world, and accounts for 20% of earthquakes worldwide. Because of this, the government of Japan has designed buildings in a way that reduces loss as a result of an earthquake. Advanced precautionary measures have reduced the death toll and damage as a result of an earthquake. Which of these best explains the timely precautionary measures made by the government of Japan?

Crisis intervention

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Coping skills

Resolution of crisis

Post-traumatic growth

Why Crisis Intervention is Correct:
Crisis intervention refers to the proactive measures taken to prevent or mitigate the effects of a crisis before it occurs. In the context of Japan, the government has implemented advanced precautionary measures, such as earthquake-resistant building designs, early warning systems, and public education programs, to reduce the impact of earthquakes. These actions are aimed at minimizing damage, saving lives, and ensuring public safety. Crisis intervention is a systematic approach to managing potential disasters, and Japan’s efforts align perfectly with this concept.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Coping Skills:
Coping skills refer to the psychological strategies individuals use to manage stress or adversity after a traumatic event has occurred. While coping skills are important for individuals dealing with the aftermath of an earthquake, they do not describe the government’s preemptive actions to reduce earthquake damage. Coping skills are reactive, not proactive.
Post-Traumatic Growth:
Post-traumatic growth refers to the positive psychological changes that individuals may experience after overcoming a traumatic event. This concept is about personal development following a crisis, not about the government’s efforts to prevent or mitigate the effects of a disaster. It is unrelated to precautionary measures.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
PTSD is a mental health condition that can develop after someone experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. It is a psychological consequence of a crisis, not a strategy or measure taken to prevent or reduce the impact of a crisis. This option is irrelevant to the government’s precautionary actions.
Resolution of Crisis:
Resolution of crisis refers to the steps taken to address and resolve a crisis after it has occurred. While this is an important part of disaster management, it does not describe the preemptive measures taken by the Japanese government to reduce earthquake damage. Resolution of crisis is a reactive process, not a proactive one.

Consider the role of cognitive biases in conflict resolution. Certain errors distort perception, making conflicts harder to resolve. Think of conflict resolution.

19 / 42

Tags: 2022

Conflict resolution is the process of ending a dispute and reaching an agreement that satisfies all parties involved. Since conflict is an essential part of being human, effective conflict resolution is not designed to avoid disagreements. Instead, conflict resolution skills are used to facilitate discussions, increase understanding, and control emotional responses. Which of the following does not pertain to the most cognitive errors that lead to unproductive and unresolved conflicts?

Emotional volatility

Emotional regulation

Self-serving fairness interpretation

Overconfidence

Blaming

Conflict resolution involves recognizing and managing cognitive distortions that hinder productive discussions. The most common cognitive errors include:

Overconfidence → People often believe they are more correct than they actually are, leading to stubbornness and unwillingness to compromise.
Blaming → Assigning fault to others without self-reflection makes resolution difficult.
Self-serving fairness interpretation → People define fairness in a way that benefits them, leading to biased judgments and impasses.
Emotional volatility → Reacting emotionally rather than rationally escalates conflicts, making productive resolution difficult.

However, “emotional regulation” is not a cognitive error—it is a skill that helps resolve conflicts.

Why “Emotional Regulation” is the Correct Answer:

Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage emotions effectively, stay calm, and respond thoughtfully in conflicts.
It helps prevent emotional volatility from escalating disputes.
Those with good emotional regulation are more likely to listen actively, consider alternative perspectives, and reach mutual agreements.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Emotional Volatility – Incorrect
- Emotional instability can escalate conflicts and lead to impulsive reactions.
- This is a major cognitive error because it clouds judgment and impairs communication.
Overconfidence – Incorrect
- People often assume they are right and dismiss opposing viewpoints.
- This is a classic cognitive bias that prevents open-minded discussion and compromise.
Blaming – Incorrect
- Assigning responsibility to others without self-reflection leads to defensiveness.
- This prevents parties from taking accountability and finding a resolution.
Self-Serving Fairness Interpretation – Incorrect
- This occurs when individuals define “fairness” in a way that benefits them.
- It is a cognitive distortion that prevents mutual understanding

Consider the balance between moderate and vigorous physical activity in public health recommendations. What is the minimum duration and frequency recommended by major health organizations, such as the American Heart Association (AHA) and WHO, to significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk?

20 / 42

Tags: 2022

In healthy individuals, physical activity reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality by 20-30%. What are the current guidelines regarding the frequency of physical activity?

Thirty minutes of vigorous exercise five days a week

Twenty minutes of moderate exercise five days a week

Thirty minutes of moderate exercise five days a week

Sixty minutes of vigorous exercise five days a week

Sixty minutes of moderate exercise five days a week

“Some people crumble, some struggle, but others find ways to bounce back and move forward. What kind of response helps people regain stability?”

21 / 42

Tags: 2020

Roughly one-third of the population can show what sort of behavior to recuperate after a disaster strikes?

Pre-traumatic stress disorder

Post traumatic stress disorder

Hopelessness

Maladaptive behavior

Adaptive behavior

After a disaster strikes, people respond in different ways based on their coping mechanisms, resilience, and psychological state. Studies have shown that roughly one-third of the population demonstrates a response that helps them adjust, recover, and function effectively despite the adversity. This kind of response is known as adaptive behavior.

✅ Correct Answer: “Adaptive behavior”

Adaptive behavior refers to psychological resilience and coping mechanisms that allow individuals to effectively adjust after experiencing a disaster.
People displaying adaptive behavior engage in problem-solving, seeking support, and maintaining hope, which helps them recover and rebuild their lives.
This response is crucial in disaster recovery, as it helps individuals and communities regain stability and move forward.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

❌ “Maladaptive behavior”
- Maladaptive behavior refers to ineffective or harmful coping mechanisms, such as substance abuse, avoidance, or aggressive behavior, which can worsen stress and hinder recovery.
- While some individuals exhibit maladaptive responses, it is not the predominant behavior observed in one-third of the population.
❌ “Pre-traumatic stress disorder”
- Pre-traumatic stress disorder is not a widely recognized psychological condition.
- It suggests experiencing stress before a traumatic event occurs, but in the context of disasters, the focus is on responses after the event.
❌ “Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)”
- PTSD is a severe psychological response to trauma that affects a portion of the population but not one-third of individuals in disaster situations.
- PTSD involves flashbacks, hypervigilance, and emotional distress, and while common, not everyone who experiences a disaster develops PTSD.
❌ “Hopelessness”
- Hopelessness is a negative emotional state where individuals feel powerless and unable to recover.
- While some disaster survivors experience hopelessness, it is not a universal or predominant response seen in one-third of people.

“Think of a moment when things could go either way — a point where the right choice can lead to recovery and the wrong one to disaster. It’s not about the danger itself, but about the judgment needed to navigate it.”

22 / 42

Tags: 2019

A “crisis” is a Greek word. Which of the following is its meaning?

None of these

Decision making

Danger

Lethality

Disaster

Thought-Provoking Hint

Think about the psychological challenges that arise as people move through different stages of life. What term describes the conflicts and adaptations associated with these transitions?

23 / 42

Tags: 2020

What is the change in behavior during maturation and transition of stress periods in human beings called?

Parallel crisis

Developmental crises

Situational crisis

Emergency crisis

None of these

“Among the risk factors for atherosclerosis, which one can be improved with regular exercise and lifestyle changes?”

24 / 42

Tags: 2020

Which of the following is a modifiable factor for reversible atherosclerosis?

Genetics

Family history

Age

Heredity

Inactivity

Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive disease involving lipid accumulation, inflammation, and plaque formation in arterial walls. Risk factors for atherosclerosis can be classified as modifiable (reversible) or non-modifiable (irreversible).

Modifiable (Reversible) Risk Factors:

These can be controlled or changed to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis:
✅ Inactivity (Physical Inactivity) – A sedentary lifestyle is a well-established modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health by:

Reducing LDL (“bad cholesterol”) and increasing HDL (“good cholesterol”).
Enhancing blood circulation and reducing blood pressure.
Preventing obesity and diabetes, which contribute to atherosclerosis.

Other modifiable risk factors include:

Smoking (Tobacco use damages blood vessels).
Hypertension (High blood pressure accelerates plaque formation).
Diabetes (Uncontrolled blood sugar damages arteries).
Dyslipidemia (High LDL and low HDL contribute to plaque buildup).
Obesity (Increases metabolic and inflammatory stress on arteries).
Unhealthy Diet (Excessive saturated fat and processed foods promote atherosclerosis).

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

✔ Inactivity – Correct. Lack of physical activity contributes to atherosclerosis but is reversible with lifestyle changes.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

❌ Age – Incorrect. Aging is a non-modifiable factor. The risk of atherosclerosis increases with age due to progressive endothelial dysfunction and cumulative cholesterol buildup.

❌ Family history – Incorrect. Genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis cannot be changed, making it a non-modifiable risk factor.

❌ Heredity – Incorrect. Heredity refers to inherited traits passed down from parents, which influence cholesterol metabolism and vascular health, but cannot be reversed.

❌ Genetics – Incorrect. Genetic factors (e.g., familial hypercholesterolemia) contribute to early atherosclerosis but cannot be modified.

“When a country successfully prepares for and mitigates the effects of a disaster, what do we call the strategic response taken to control the situation?”

25 / 42

Tags: 2020

The USA recently experienced a massive natural disaster, but they managed it efficiently and effectively i.e. kept the death toll and infrastructure damage to a minimum. This was possible due to government policies and timely precautionary measures based on similar past incidents. What term best defines this?

Post traumatic growth

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Resolution of crisis

Coping skills

Crisis intervention

Crisis intervention refers to immediate and strategic actions taken to prevent, manage, or mitigate the impact of a crisis, such as a natural disaster. It involves preparedness, rapid response, and recovery efforts aimed at minimizing loss of life, reducing infrastructure damage, and restoring normalcy as quickly as possible.

Why This Scenario Represents Crisis Intervention:

The USA effectively managed a massive natural disaster with efficient government policies and precautionary measures.
This was based on lessons learned from past incidents, which is a key aspect of crisis preparedness and intervention.
Timely actions helped keep the death toll and damage to a minimum, showing an organized response to the crisis.
Crisis intervention often involves disaster response agencies, emergency services, and coordinated governmental efforts to mitigate risks.

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

✔ Crisis intervention – Correct. The scenario describes timely, well-planned actions taken to prevent or reduce disaster impact, which falls under crisis intervention strategies.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

❌ Post-traumatic growth – Incorrect. This refers to positive psychological change after a traumatic experience, such as personal growth following a disaster. However, the question focuses on preparedness and management, not personal growth after trauma.

❌ Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Incorrect. PTSD is a mental health condition that develops after experiencing trauma, such as a disaster. The scenario does not mention individuals suffering from long-term psychological distress.

❌ Coping skills – Incorrect. While coping skills help individuals manage stress, the question is about government-level disaster response, not personal adaptation to trauma.

❌ Resolution of crisis – Incorrect. Crisis resolution refers to the aftermath and recovery phase, but the question focuses on proactive intervention and damage control during the disaster.

“You can change your diet, exercise habits, and even quit smoking, but you can’t change who your parents are!”- approved by President Dackify.

26 / 42

Tags: 2020

Which of the following risk factors of heart disease is non-modifiable?

Hypertension

Heredity

Physical inactivity

Tobacco use

Obesity

Risk factors for heart disease can be classified into modifiable and non-modifiable categories:

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors (Cannot Be Changed):

Heredity (Genetics/Family History):
- Individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in first-degree relatives (parents or siblings), have a higher risk of developing heart disease.
- Genetic predisposition can influence cholesterol metabolism, hypertension, diabetes, and blood clotting tendencies, all of which contribute to heart disease.
- This risk factor cannot be changed, making it non-modifiable.
Age:
- Risk increases with age, particularly after 45 years in men and 55 years in women.
- The arteries naturally stiffen over time, increasing cardiovascular risk.
Sex:
- Men have a higher risk of developing heart disease at a younger age than women, although postmenopausal women catch up due to declining estrogen levels.
Ethnicity/Race:
- Certain populations, such as African Americans, South Asians, and Native Americans, have a higher predisposition to hypertension and heart disease.

Modifiable Risk Factors (Can Be Changed or Managed):

❌ Obesity – Incorrect. Obesity is modifiable through diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes. Excess weight increases the risk of hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol, all of which contribute to heart disease.

❌ Tobacco use – Incorrect. Smoking and tobacco use are modifiable. Quitting smoking significantly reduces cardiovascular risk, as tobacco increases atherosclerosis, clot formation, and endothelial damage.

❌ Physical inactivity – Incorrect. Sedentary lifestyle is a modifiable risk factor. Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health, lowers blood pressure, and enhances lipid profiles.

❌ Hypertension – Incorrect. Although high blood pressure may have a genetic component, it is modifiable through diet (low sodium), exercise, weight loss, and medication.

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

✔ Heredity – Correct. Genetic factors and family history cannot be changed and are non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease.

“Imagine you’re listening to a distressed friend. Instead of giving advice or asking questions, you simply restate what they said in your own words to show you truly understand. What technique are you using?”

27 / 42

Tags: 2020

What does the communication strategy in crisis intervention known as “paraphrasing” entail?

Summarizing multiple elements of a person's message/statement

Helping the person identify and articulate emotions

Using non-verbal communication such as maintaining eye contact, head nodding, etc

Conveying empathy and understanding by repeating portions of what the person said

Asking questions to clarify a person's statement

In crisis intervention and counseling, paraphrasing is a key active listening technique used to ensure that the listener understands what the speaker is communicating. It involves restating or rewording the speaker’s message in a way that reflects their thoughts and emotions, demonstrating empathy, validation, and understanding.

How Paraphrasing Works in Crisis Intervention:

Rephrasing the Speaker’s Statement:
- The counselor or crisis responder restates what the individual has said, often simplifying or slightly modifying the wording without changing the meaning.
- Example:
  - Person: “I feel like no one cares about me, and I don’t know what to do.”
  - Responder: “It sounds like you’re feeling really alone and unsure of what steps to take next.”
Providing Emotional Validation:
- This reassures the person in crisis that they are being heard and understood.
- Helps them feel supported and encourages them to open up further.
Clarifying Without Adding Judgment or Interpretation:
- The goal is not to analyze or give advice but to confirm understanding and show that the listener is engaged.
Encouraging the Person to Expand on Their Thoughts:
- When someone hears their words reflected back, it can help them gain clarity on their own feelings and situation.

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

✔ Conveying empathy and understanding by repeating portions of what the person said – Correct. Paraphrasing helps build trust and ensures that the person feels heard and understood, which is essential in crisis intervention.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

❌ Using non-verbal communication such as maintaining eye contact, head nodding, etc. – Incorrect. This describes non-verbal active listening, which is important but is not the definition of paraphrasing.

❌ Asking questions to clarify a person’s statement – Incorrect. This is clarification, not paraphrasing. While both are active listening strategies, paraphrasing involves restating rather than questioning.

❌ Helping the person identify and articulate emotions – Incorrect. This describes emotional labeling or reflection of feelings, which involves recognizing and naming emotions rather than paraphrasing their words.

❌ Summarizing multiple elements of a person’s message/statement – Incorrect. This describes summarization, which is broader and condenses several points rather than restating a single idea in different words.

Think about which risk factors are inherent and cannot be changed by personal choices or medical interventions.

28 / 42

Tags: 2019

Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?

None of these

Diabetes

Smoking

Obesity

Genetics

“Helping someone in crisis requires more than just understanding their problem. What steps would ensure both a clear understanding and a concrete plan to move forward?”

29 / 42

Tags: 2022

What are the main stages of crisis intervention?

None of these

Exploration only

Assessment, Exploration, and Agreement

Assessment only

Agreement only

Think about a conflict management style where an issue is repeatedly postponed or ignored rather than directly addressed.

30 / 42

Tags: 2020

“I want more money” the worker says to the manager. The manager tells the employee to talk about the issue again next week because he needs time to discuss the problem. Next week, management decided to avoid the problem again by telling the employee that they “cannot talk about it until performance reviews”. The conflict, therefore, has now been put off until a further date for discussion. The conflict management style that is used by the manager in the given scenario is an example of:

Avoiding style

Competing style

Compromising style

Collaborative style

Accommodation style

Think about the risk factors for heart disease that individuals can actively change through lifestyle choices. Which factor is related to physical activity levels?”

31 / 42

Tags: 2021

Which of the following is considered a modifiable factor for coronary artery disease?

Gender

Genetic predisposition

Family history

Inactivity

Age

Think about the psychological condition that develops after exposure to a traumatic event and can persist for months or years. Which disorder is characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance, and hyperarousal?”

32 / 42

Tags: 2021

Which of the following is a long-term condition developed by up to one-third of the population affected by the crisis?

Adaptive behaviour

Adjustment behaviour

Maladaptive behaviour

Acute stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Think about the most common cause of mortality in developed nations, strongly linked to lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and smoking.

33 / 42

Tags: 2018

Which of the following is a leading cause of death in developed countries?

Diabetes

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Liver disease

Communicable diseases

Cardiovascular diseases

Think about the crises that arise naturally during different stages of life, requiring adaptation and behavioral changes to move forward successfully.

34 / 42

Tags: 2018

What is the change in behavior during maturation and transition of stress periods in human beings called?

Emergency crisis

Developmental crises

None of these

Parallel crisis

Situational crisis

Think about the process where people not only recover from emotional injury but experience a deeper sense of meaning, personal development, and positive change as a result.

35 / 42

Tags: 2018

Positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity or crisis is known as which of the following?

Positive transformation

Evolving phase

Post traumatic growth

Cognitive phase

Resolution phase

Think about the natural progression of a crisis from its onset to its resolution. What are the key phases that occur in disaster or crisis management frameworks? Consider the immediate response, intermediate support, and long-term recovery.

36 / 42

Tags: 2018

Which of the following are the main stages of crisis?

Denial, bargaining, resolution

Assessment, exploration, agreement

Emergency, rehabilitaion, recovery

Emergency, expIoration, resoIution

Denial, depression, acceptance

This approach focuses on minimizing the long-term effects of cardiovascular disease after it has already occurred, aiming to improve recovery, functionality, and overall well-being. Think about interventions that help people manage and adapt to the consequences of a cardiovascular event.

37 / 42

Tags: 2021

Which of the following is a tertiary prevention approach for cardiovascular diseases?

Damage control and rehabilitation

Providing prompt cardiovascular disease screening

Providing appropriate immunization facilities

Diagnosing the cases early

Identifying the high-risk cases

Tertiary prevention refers to interventions that are implemented after a disease or condition has already occurred, with the goal of reducing the impact of the disease, preventing complications, and improving the quality of life. In the context of cardiovascular diseases, tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and management after an individual has experienced a cardiovascular event (such as a heart attack or stroke) to help them recover and minimize further harm.

Examples of tertiary prevention for cardiovascular diseases include:

Rehabilitation programs (like cardiac rehab) to help individuals recover physical function, mental health, and quality of life after cardiovascular events.
Damage control involves managing complications that arise from a cardiovascular event, such as heart failure or arrhythmias, to prevent further damage and reduce the risk of additional events.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Providing prompt cardiovascular disease screening: This is an example of secondary prevention, which involves identifying and addressing the disease at an early stage, before symptoms develop or complications arise.
Providing appropriate immunization facilities: Immunization is generally not related to cardiovascular disease and is part of primary prevention for infectious diseases, not cardiovascular health.
Diagnosing the cases early: Early diagnosis is also part of secondary prevention, aimed at identifying diseases in their early stages to prevent progression.
Identifying the high-risk cases: This is a strategy of primary prevention, where efforts are made to identify individuals at high risk for cardiovascular disease to prevent it from occurring in the first place.

Conclusion:

The correct answer is “Damage control and rehabilitation” as it fits the definition of tertiary prevention, which focuses on managing the consequences and improving the quality of life after a cardiovascular disease event has occurred.

This stage involves evaluating the risk of harm to the individual, focusing on the severity of the situation and whether the person has the means or intent to act on harmful thoughts.

38 / 42

Tags: 2021

Crisis intervention is the immediate and short-term emergency response to mental, emotional, physical, and behavioral distress. The initial biopsychosocial assessment would require asking about suicidal thoughts and feelings, estimating the strength of the client’s psychological intent to inflict deadly harm, gauging the lethality of the suicide plan, inquiring about suicide history, and taking into consideration certain risk factors. What is this stage known as?

Generating alternatives

Solving the problem

Assessing safety and lethality

Addressing the feelings

Developing the action plan

Thought-Provoking Hint:

“Think about the ethical principle that protects a patient’s private information and ensures trust in the patient-provider relationship.”

39 / 42

Tags: 2023

An HIV patient asks to keep his disease confidential. Which of the following principles of medical ethics is this?

Equity

Beneficence

Confidentiality

Non-maleficence

Autonomy

“In moments of crisis, people often need to feel heard more than they need immediate solutions. What communication technique reassures them that their message is being understood without changing its meaning?”

40 / 42

Tags: 2022

What does the communication strategy in crisis intervention known as “paraphrasing” entail?

Summarizing multiple elements of a person's message/statement

Helping the person identify and articulate emotions

Asking questions to clarify a person's statement

Conveying empathy and understanding by repeating portions of what the person said

Using non-verbal communication such as maintaining eye contact, head nodding, etc

Concept Breakdown:

In crisis intervention and active listening, paraphrasing is a key communication strategy used to demonstrate understanding and empathy. It involves restating the essence of what the person has said in your own words to show that you are actively listening and comprehending their message.

Purpose of paraphrasing in crisis intervention:
- Helps the speaker feel validated and heard.
- Ensures accuracy of understanding by reflecting back the key points.
- Encourages the person to clarify or expand on their thoughts if necessary.
- Reduces misunderstandings and provides psychological comfort in distressing situations.
Example of paraphrasing:
- Person in crisis: “I feel overwhelmed with everything happening in my life right now. I don’t know how to handle it.”
- Paraphrased response: “It sounds like you’re feeling really burdened and unsure about how to manage everything that’s going on.”

This technique does not mean simply repeating the exact words but rather summarizing the key idea in a way that shows empathy and engagement.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Asking questions to clarify a person’s statement – Incorrect
- This refers to clarification, which involves directly asking the person to explain or elaborate rather than restating their thoughts.
- Example: “Can you tell me more about what’s making you feel overwhelmed?”
Using non-verbal communication such as maintaining eye contact, head nodding, etc. – Incorrect
- These are non-verbal active listening techniques, which support communication but are not paraphrasing.
- They indicate attentiveness but do not verbally reflect back the person’s thoughts.
Helping the person identify and articulate emotions – Incorrect
- This describes emotional labeling or reflection of feelings, where the listener helps the speaker name their emotions (e.g., “You sound frustrated.”).
- Paraphrasing, on the other hand, focuses on repeating and rewording content, not necessarily emotions.
Summarizing multiple elements of a person’s message/statement – Incorrect
- Summarizing involves condensing a conversation into key takeaways, which is broader than paraphrasing.
- Example: “So, from what you’ve told me, you’re feeling overwhelmed because of stress at work and family issues.”
- Paraphrasing is shorter and more immediate, often focusing on a single statement rather than the whole conversation.

“Primary prevention focuses on lifestyle changes that help reduce the risk of developing a condition. Which option stands out as something typically used after a condition has already been diagnosed?”

41 / 42

Tags: 2016

Which of the following is not included in the primary prevention of hypertension?

Avoidance of smoking

Medication

Dietary sodium reduction

Increased physical activity

Weight reduction

Primary prevention refers to strategies aimed at preventing the development of a disease before it occurs. In the case of hypertension, primary prevention involves lifestyle modifications that reduce the risk of developing high blood pressure in the first place.

Key Components of Primary Prevention for Hypertension:

Dietary sodium reduction:
- Excess sodium intake is linked to increased blood pressure.
- Reducing sodium helps prevent hypertension, making this a key primary prevention strategy.
Increased physical activity:
- Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy cardiovascular system and reduces the risk of high blood pressure.
Weight reduction:
- Obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension.
- Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the likelihood of developing high blood pressure.
Avoidance of smoking:
- Smoking damages blood vessels and contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
- Avoiding smoking is an essential primary prevention measure.

Why Medication Is Not Part of Primary Prevention:

Medication is used in secondary and tertiary prevention, meaning it is given after hypertension is diagnosed to control blood pressure and prevent complications.
Primary prevention focuses on lifestyle changes, not pharmacological treatment.

Thus, the correct answer is medication, as it is used for treatment rather than prevention of hypertension.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Dietary sodium reduction (Incorrect)
- Reducing salt intake lowers the risk of developing hypertension, making it a key primary prevention measure.
Increased physical activity (Incorrect)
- Exercise improves cardiovascular health and helps regulate blood pressure, preventing hypertension.
Weight reduction (Incorrect)
- Obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension, so maintaining a healthy weight is an essential primary prevention strategy.
Avoidance of smoking (Incorrect)
- Smoking contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular disease, so avoiding it is crucial for prevention.

Thought-Provoking Hint:

“Think about which risk factor for diabetes can be influenced by lifestyle changes or interventions. What factor is directly linked to insulin resistance and can be addressed through diet and exercise?”

42 / 42

Tags: 2023

A company owner is working to manage diabetes among their employees. Which of the following factors could be modified to prevent diabetes?

Gender

Race

Obesity

Ethnicity

Age

Your score is

The average score is 0%

0%

Thank you for your feedback.

CVS – ComMed/BehSci

Report a question

Why trans fats are the worst

Why the other options are incorrect

Modifiable Risk Factors (can be changed)

Non-modifiable Risk Factors (cannot be changed)

Why the other options are incorrect

❌ Why the other options are incorrect

What is Secondary Prevention?

Analysis of Each Option:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why “Maturational crisis” is the Correct Answer:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why “Wound infection, malnutrition, death, and disease” is the Correct Answer:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why “Polyunsaturated” is the Correct Answer?

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect?

Why “Smoking” is the Correct Answer:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why “Emotional Regulation” is the Correct Answer:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why “Thirty minutes of moderate exercise five days a week” is the Correct Answer:

✅ Correct Answer: “Adaptive behavior”

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

Thought-Provoking Hint

Analysis of the Incorrect Options

Modifiable (Reversible) Risk Factors:

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why This Scenario Represents Crisis Intervention:

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors (Cannot Be Changed):

Modifiable Risk Factors (Can Be Changed or Managed):

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

How Paraphrasing Works in Crisis Intervention:

Why the Correct Answer is Right:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why the Other Options Are Modifiable:

Understanding the Main Stages of Crisis Intervention

Breakdown of Incorrect Options:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect?

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect?

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect?

Key Aspects of Post-Traumatic Growth:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect

Why the Other Options Are Wrong:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Conclusion:

Conclusion:

Thought-Provoking Hint:

Explanation:

Why Confidentiality is Correct:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Concept Breakdown:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Key Components of Primary Prevention for Hypertension:

Why Medication Is Not Part of Primary Prevention:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

Thought-Provoking Hint:

Why Obesity is Correct:

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect: