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NeuroScience

NEUROSCIENCE – 2016

Questions from the 2016 Module + Annual Exam

This defect results in neurological deficits because the spinal cord itself is displaced along with the meninges.

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

What is spina bifida meningomyelocele?

It is primarily used for motion sickness prevention, and it works by blocking muscarinic receptors in the vestibular system and CNS.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

What receptor(s) does scopolamine bind to?

The dorsal column

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following sensations are spared in anterior cord syndrome?

The foramen magnum is a passageway for the brainstem, blood vessels, and nerves

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which structure does not pass through the foramen magnum of the skull?

This structure is essential for maintaining consciousness and alertness and is located in the brainstem, where it influences the transitions between sleep and wakefulness.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following structures is involved in sleep and awakening?

These conditions are commonly seen after nerve injuries.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Hyperalgesia and allodynia signify which of the following statements?

The midbrain is supplied by branches of the posterior circulation (vertebrobasilar system)

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following arteries do not contribute to the blood supply of midbrain?

This state is characterized by high levels of focus or thinking, often seen when someone is working on complex problems or making decisions.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

In which of the following states do beta waves occur?

It is significantly reduced in bacterial and tuberculous meningitis, while it remains normal in viral meningitis.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

In bacterial meningitis, compared to normal cerebrospinal fluid, which of the following is found to be typically decreased?

Serotonin synthesis begins with an essential amino acid that is also a precursor for niacin (Vitamin B3).

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is synthesized from which of the following?

LMN lesions cause flaccid paralysis, atrophy, and fasciculations, while UMN lesions cause spastic paralysis and hyperreflexia.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

In lower motor neuron lesions, patient develops which of the following conditions?

Saccular aneurysms develop at arterial bifurcations and are strongly linked to hypertension.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Which of the following is a predisposing factor of a saccular aneurysm?

The cobweb appearance is due to fibrin formation in CSF with high protein content

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

What does a ‘cobweb’ appearance of the CSF indicate?

The loss of pain and temperature sensation occurs on the opposite side of the body, because the pathway for these sensations crosses the midline soon after entering the spinal cord.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Hemisection of the spinal cord produces motor loss on the side of the lesion. Where will the loss of temperature and pain sensation take place?

This enzyme is crucial for terminating the action of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, especially at neuromuscular junctions, and it is inhibited by drugs like nerve agents and some therapeutic medications.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

What enzyme degrades acetylcholine?

The correct answer involves dopamine’s contrasting effects on two different receptor types, where one is excitatory and the other is inhibitory.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

What is the effect of dopamine?

  • Superficial reflexes → Stimulated by skin/mucosa, involve multiple synapses, and are influenced by UMNs.
  • Deep tendon reflexes → Stimulated by muscle stretch, involve one synapse (monosynaptic), and are independent of cortical influence.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following is not a superficial reflex?

This frequency is seen when a person is actively thinking or concentrating, and these waves are commonly detected during mental tasks or high alertness.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What is the frequency range of beta waves?

The area of the brain responsible for coordination, balance, and smooth speech is most likely the site of the lesion in this case.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person presents to the clinic and has difficulty in balancing and has slurred speech. The lesion is present in which of the following?

Encephalocele most often presents as a midline swelling, especially in the frontal or occipital region

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Encephalocele most commonly involves which cranial fossa?

This enzyme is located in the mitochondria of neurons and helps regulate the levels of neurotransmitters by breaking them down after their release and action.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which enzyme is involved in the breakdown of serotonin?

During a “fight or flight” response, the body prioritizes blood flow to vital organs and muscles

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Sympathetic stimulation results in which of the following?

Risk factors for stroke (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation)

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

In developing countries, which of the following age groups is most likely to have a stroke?

It stabilizes the spinal cord laterally, while the other thing anchors it inferiorly.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following structures hold the spinal cord in place?

The enzyme involved in the breakdown of serotonin into its major metabolite is responsible for oxidation and is often targeted by antidepressant medications.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which enzyme converts serotonin to 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)?

Look for a condition where half of the spinal cord is damaged, causing motor loss and sensory deficits on opposite sides of the body.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

What is another name for the hemisection of the spinal cord?

The enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine splits it into a fatty acid and a molecule that is used in the production of more acetylcholine.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What does acetylcholinesterase break acetylcholine into?

The enzyme responsible for the first step in converting tyrosine to L-DOPA is the rate-limiting enzyme. This enzyme is crucial in regulating the overall production of dopamine.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

What is the rate limiting enzyme of dopamine synthesis?

The pneumotaxic center fine-tunes respiration by controlling inspiratory duration

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Where is the pneumotaxic center located?

Dopamine is part of the catecholamine pathway.. what makes dopamine?

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

What is dopamine synthesized from?

The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain is myelinated by cells found in the CNS, not the peripheral nervous system.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy


Which peripheral nerve is myelinated by oligodendrocytes?

involved in visual processing and reflexes.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following nerve cell groups do not form a part of the auditory pathway?

This term describes enhanced pain perception, often seen in conditions like neuropathy, burns, or inflammation.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What does the term hyperalgesia mean?

A characteristic bat-wing deformity of the lateral ventricles on MRI

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

The brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) of an 8-year-old child shows a bat-wing deformity. Which condition is the most likely cause of this?

At the level of the lesion, LMN signs appear due to direct nerve root damage, while UMN signs appear below the lesion due to corticospinal tract disruption.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Hemisection of the spinal cord will not present with which of the following?

Focus on the anatomical relationships of the cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus. Pay attention to which nerves are embedded in the lateral wall versus those that pass through the sinus itself.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following nerves is present on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?

This drug was historically used for hypertension but is now rarely used due to its depression-inducing side effects.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

What drug inhibits the storage of norepinephrine into synaptic vesicles?

Gliosis =  similar to fibrosis in other tissues

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Gliosis is a process in which there is hyperplasia or hypertrophy of which of the following?

The dorsal horn is present at all levels of the spinal cord and is primarily associated with sensory processing.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which statement is inappropriate regarding the dorsal horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

This type of ataxia worsens when the patient closes their eyes, as vision normally compensates for the loss of proprioception.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Lesion of the dorsal column results in which of the following?

The middle cerebellar peduncle is the largest cerebellar peduncle and serves as the major input pathway from the pons to the cerebellum.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Pontocerebellar fibers continue as which of the following?

It drain into the largest dural venous sinus, which runs along the superior midline of the brain.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The superior cerebral veins drain into which of the following?

The sensations carried by this pathway cross over at the medulla, not the spinal cord.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The dorsal column in the spinal cord carries which of the following sensations?

These neurons’ cell bodies are located close to where the action happens, usually in small ganglia located near or within the organs that are being controlled.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons located?

It is critical for autonomic control, including breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Cardiac and vasomotor centers are located in which of the following structures of the central nervous system?

It is a dopaminergic structure crucial for movement control and is situated between the crus cerebri and tegmentum.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following separates crus cerebri from tegmentum?

A patient with sensory ataxia will struggle to maintain balance only when eyes are closed, but a cerebellar lesion will cause ataxia even with eyes open.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

What does a positive Romberg test indicate?

Since the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Agenesis of the corpus callosum is associated with which of the following symptoms?

Deep tendon reflexes involve muscle stretch and contraction, usually tested with a reflex hammer. If a reflex involves a different sensory mechanism (like touch or irritation), it is likely not a DTR.

 

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following is not a deep tendon reflex?

The nerve responsible for the sense of smell is most vulnerable to injury in a fracture of the bone at the front of the skull.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which cranial nerve will most likely be injured in an anterior cranial fossa fracture?

The lateral spinothalamic tract carries pain and temperature sensations and crosses over at the spinal cord level

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following indicates a lesion of the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Tabes dorsalis is a late complication of untreated syphilis and affects the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Which of the following infections causes tabes dorsalis?

The refractory period occurs immediately after a nerve impulse or action potential, when it’s difficult or impossible to generate another impulse.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

The refractory period after an action potential is due to what?

Think of cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle and cerebellar hypoplasia

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Which of the following is associated with an enlargement of the posterior cranial fossa?

The reticular formation and RAS are responsible for keeping the brain alert and awake by stimulating the cerebral cortex.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following is involved in waking up the cerebral cortex?

its presence in adults suggests corticospinal tract damage.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following indicates an upper motor neuron lesion?

The pathway responsible for fine touch and proprioception crosses over at the medulla, while pain and temperature sensation cross at the spinal cord level.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person has lost two-point discrimination in their right hand. A finding such as this is present due to a lesion in which of the following?

This vein is located deep in the brain and is closely related to the thalamus and choroid plexus.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The internal cerebral vein is formed by the union of which of the following?

Contents of white matter and grey matter

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following is not true regarding the white matter?

It is responsible for coordinating fine-tuned, rapid, and complex movements, such as shooting a basketball

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A boy is trying to shoot a basketball. Which area in his brain will be assisting in bringing about this complex pattern of motor activity?

This fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord, and the needle would pass through a membrane called the dura mater to reach it. This structure is also critical for cushioning and protecting the central nervous system.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

If a needle is placed between the third and fourth lumbar vertebra, which of the following structures will it reach?

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) has a large reserve of ACh vesicles to ensure effective muscle activation.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

A single axon terminal has how many acetylcholine vesicles?

Uncal herniation compresses CN III

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

What does uncal herniation cause?

It is necessary to generate both diffusion potentials and action potentials.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What is the difference in ionic concentration across a membrane called?

This structure is involved in memory and emotion and is located in the medial temporal lobe. It is often described as a curved structure shaped like a seahorse.

For Ahmed. ‘MotoMoto’. Your welcome.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Floor of inferior horn of lateral ventricle is formed by?

This structure is a relay station for sensory signals before they are transmitted to the sensory cortex. It is located on the opposite side of the body from where the sensory stimulus was detected.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Where does the third order neuronal cell body of the spinothalamic tract lie?

In bacterial and tuberculous meningitis there is active bacterial metabolism and the inflammatory response.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

What decreases in tuberculous meningitis?

Think of a spinal cord interneuron that regulates motor neuron activity by inhibition, preventing excessive contraction.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What is the function of Renshaw cells?

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