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NeuroScience

NEUROSCIENCE – 2021

Questions from the 2022 Module + Annual Exam

This brain structure is part of a motor regulation circuit that includes the substantia nigra, which degenerates in Parkinson’s disease.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person has resting tremors, a stooping posture, and a shuffling gait. Which structure of the brain has undergone neuronal degeneration?

“Pinpoint pupils are a telltale sign of opioid overdose—what’s the medical term for it?”

You got this !

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

Which of the following is a possible side effect of morphine?

This structure ensures that only essential nutrients and gases reach the brain.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which of the following correctly describes the blood-brain barrier?

:

🧠 “Which lobe makes us who we are by controlling judgment, impulse control, and personality?”

 

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

A person has social and emotional changes due to damage to which lobe?

This brainstem structure is crucial for controlling your alertness and sleep cycles. When it’s not functioning properly, it can lead to conditions that cause unpredictable episodes of sleep, even when you’re supposed to be awake.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

A patient is suffering from wakefulness and narcolepsy. Which one of the following is affected?

“The motor control of eye movement comes from the cortex—what part of the internal capsule handles cranial nerve motor commands?”

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Nerves supplying extraocular muscles of the eye pass through which part of the internal capsule?

This level of the spinal cord controls functions necessary for respiration and upper limb movement, and damage here often results in paralysis below the neck, with some possible sparing of head and shoulder movements.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A 21-year-old male got into an accident after which he could not move his body, except for the head, and the weak shrugging of the shoulders. He also lost all senses below the neck level. At which of the following levels is the lesion most likely to have occurred?

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

A public health officer ordered his staff to take measures for vector control in order to prevent diseases. Which of the following diseases can be prevented by this project?

This bone is primarily associated with the anterior and middle cranial fossae, rather than the posterior fossa.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following would not be affected by a fracture involving the posterior cranial fossa?

This structure is located in the upper brainstem and plays a role in motor coordination, especially for flexor muscles.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The red nucleus gives rise to the rubrospinal tract that arises from which of the following parts?

“If you run your fingers across your cheek, which part of your brainstem is first processing that information?

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which trigeminal nerve nucleus senses touch and pressure from the face?

This habit is a major modifiable risk factor that damages blood vessels and increases clot formation, making young adults vulnerable to stroke.

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following is the most common cause of stroke in young adults?

This structure is involved in processing emotions like fear and pleasure, and its dysfunction can lead to difficulties in recalling emotional events or disorders like anxiety.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following brain structures is responsible for emotional memory?

This neurotransmitter is the same one used by pre-ganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system to stimulate post-ganglionic neurons.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly released by pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons?

This major artery does not pass through the foramen magnum but instead enters the skull through the carotid canal.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A patient presents to the clinic with a degenerative bone disease that is causing narrowing of the foramen magnum. Which of the following structures would not be affected by the above condition?

This artery is primarily responsible for blood supply to the medial parts of the frontal and parietal lobes, including regions that control movement and sensory perception of the lower limbs and are also involved in higher cognitive functions.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A 34-year-old man complains of hemisensory loss and hemiparesis of the leg and foot of the contralateral side of the body. He also has difficulty in identifying objects and has developed personality changes. His MRI shows a compromised area with reduced blood supply. Which artery is responsible for these losses?

If a lesion occurs before decussation, the sensory loss is ipsilateral. If a lesion occurs after decussation, the sensory loss is contralateral.

 

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person has lost point discrimination on his left hand. Which structure is affected?

“Which brainstem function is essential for life and compromised by downward pressure from cerebellar herniation?”

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

A patient dies due to cerebellar tonsil herniation through the foramen magnum. What is the most likely cause?

“A stroke spares a part of the face, but Bell’s palsy does not—why?”

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Right supranuclear facial nerve damage will result in which of the following?

This structure helps integrate different cortical areas within the same hemisphere, especially those involved in limbic functions like emotion and memory.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Association fibers are the nerve fibers that connect different regions within the same hemisphere. Which of the following is categorized as the association fiber?

This ancient ethical code is still referenced today and originally came from Greek medicine.

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following is the first complete documented set of rules of ancient ethics?

🧠 “Which brain structure is responsible for smooth coordination of movements, including rapid alternations?”

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

What is the inability to perform alternating movements known as?

This enzyme removes something from neurotransmitters to regulate their levels and prevent overstimulation

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

By which of the following processes does the monoamine oxidase catalyzes the catecholamine catabolism?

This symptom is due to brainstem dysfunction

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following is a pathognomonic feature found in patients with rabies?

A stroke in this part of the internal capsule affects motor function without sensory, visual, or cognitive impairment.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which part of the internal capsule is involved in a pure motor stroke?

This pathway carries information about pain and temperature from the opposite side of the body to the brain. Imagine losing the ability to feel a sharp object or the sensation of burning. What pathway is responsible for alerting your brain to such dangers?

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Damage to which of the following results in the loss of pain sensation?

This bacteria is a common cause of neonatal infections and is often associated with poor hygiene or complications during delivery, leading to bacterial infection of the central nervous system.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology


In neonates, what causes acute pyogenic meningitis?

This nucleus is involved in proprioception of the face

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

If a transverse section is taken through the caudal part of the pons, at the level of the facial colliculus, which structure will remain unaffected?

These fibers act like internal highways within one cerebral hemisphere, helping different regions of the same side communicate.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following terms is used for fibers that connect different regions in the same cerebral hemisphere?

This pathway is critical for feeling the texture of objects and knowing the position of your limbs. Without it, light touch sensations become blurry or even non-existent.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Light touch sensations are lost when which of the following is damaged?

:

🧠 “Are sensory neurons typically multipolar or pseudounipolar?”

 

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Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which of the following options is incorrectly matched?

“If one leg pulls away from danger, how does the body prevent falling over?”

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

A person stepped on a piece of glass and flexed his right leg to avoid it while his left leg extended. What is this called?

These cells act as nourishers and protectors of neurons, providing structural and metabolic support, especially in response to injury.

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Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which of the following cells secrete nerve growth factors?

In Brown-Séquard syndrome, motor loss occurs on the same side as the lesion because the corticospinal tract crosses above the spinal cord in the medulla.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Right hemisection of the spinal cord at the level of C8 will result in which of the following?

Focus on the anatomical pathways of the structures listed. Think about which structures are located outside the spinal canal and do not need to pass through the foramen magnum.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which structure does not pass through the foramen magnum of the skull?

🧠 “Which structure is hidden within the lateral sulcus and not visible on the medial surface?”

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which structure is not present in the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere?

This is the most common viral cause of aseptic meningitis in children, and it spreads through the fecal-oral route, particularly in summer and early fall.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

An 8-year-old boy presented with sudden neck stiffness, headache, and flu-like symptoms. After three days, his CSF showed mild lymphocytic pleocytosis, slightly decreased glucose, and mildly increased protein. Which organism is likely responsible for this condition?

This midbrain structure is rich in dopamine-producing neurons, and its degeneration is the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Damage to which structure causes Parkinson’s disease?

This enzyme plays a critical role in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, as it helps convert a precursor molecule into dopamine, which is deficient in the disease.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

L-DOPA is converted to dopamine by which of the following enzymes?

This hormone signals hunger when the stomach is empty, encouraging food intake and is known as the “hunger hormone.”

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following substances is responsible for the inhibition of the satiety center and activation of the hunger center?

This nucleus is part of the basal ganglia, not the cerebellum, and is involved in voluntary movement control.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following nuclei is not present in the white matter of the cerebellum?

Damage to this lobe is known for causing impulsivity, personality changes, and inappropriate social behavior.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person has social and emotional changes due to damage to which lobe?

This is an neurodegenerative disorder with progressive dementia and choreiform movements, due to loss of GABAergic neurons in the striatum.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

A patient presents to the clinic with dementia and involuntary jerking movements of the body. On examination, it is found that the GABA secreting neurons of caudate and putamen are damaged. Which of the following is the most probable condition from which the patient must be suffering?

This pathway transmits poorly localized touch.. separate from pain and temperature transmission.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following tracts carries the sensation of crude touch?

This structure is part of the diencephalon and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms through melatonin secretion.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The pineal gland is associated with which of the following structures?

Consider which part of the brain forms fluid-producing structures as it develops. The area responsible for CSF production comes from a region where the brain’s covering is thinner and more vascularized.

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

The choroid plexus of the third ventricle is derived from which part of the brain?

This brainstem region contains the descending sympathetic pathways, and a hemorrhage here causes unopposed parasympathetic activity, leading to miosis.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Pinpoint pupils are seen in hemorrhage of which of the following?

This structure is part of the basal ganglia and helps regulate smooth and coordinated movements. Damage to it can lead to involuntary, slow, writhing movements.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Damage to which part of the brain results in a condition called athetosis?

This cranial nerve controls pupil constriction and lens shape via parasympathetic fibers originating from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which cranial nerve is concerned with accommodation and light reflex?

This imaging technique provides detailed visualization of soft tissues, making it ideal for detecting disc herniation and nerve compression.

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Category: Neuroscience – Radiology

Which of the following is the best method to detect slipped intervertebral disc or herniated disc?

This process prevents neurons from firing, making the body unable to perceive pain.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Anesthesia was given to the patient in order not to feel the pain during surgery. How does the anesthesia work?

This structure is located in the midbrain and is crucial for coordinating eye-related reflexes.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

The consensual light reflex that leads to the constriction of the pupil of the eye with reference to light falling on the opposite eye is mediated via which of the following pathways?

This cranial nerve is responsible for facial sensation and has nuclei spanning the entire brainstem

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which cranial nerve nucleus extends throughout all three structures of the brainstem?

This sleep stage is known for its characteristic eye movements and is where most vivid dreams occur. It also features a unique brain wave pattern that resembles the activity seen when you are awake.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?

This artery primarily supplies the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, including the motor and sensory cortices, but also provides collateral blood supply to a critical visual processing region.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following arteries provides collateral vascular supply to the macular region of the occipital lobe?

This molecule serves as the backbone of sphingolipids, forming ceramides, which are essential in cell membranes and nerve tissue.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

What is the basic structure of the sphingosine?

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating rapid, alternating movements, and lesions typically cause ipsilateral deficits.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A patient with right cerebellar dysfunction will most likely present with which of the following signs?

These fibers act as first responders to sudden changes in muscle length, ensuring that your muscles react quickly to unexpected stretches.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the nuclear bag fibers?

This condition weakens blood vessels in the brain, often in the lobar regions of the brain. wonder what happens when blood vessels weaken eh?

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Which of the following is a common complication of cerebral amyloid angiopathy with hypertension?

This neurotransmitter is known for its role in mood regulation and is often referred to as the “feel-good” hormone. It’s derived from an amino acid that also plays a role in the production of melatonin.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which of the following is an indolamine derived from tryptophan?

This imaging technique is the quickest and most accessible for detecting bone injuries.

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Category: Neuroscience – Radiology

What is the initial modality used for fractures?

This structure is involved in processing a variety of sensory and emotional information and is hidden from view, located deep within a prominent fissure that separates two major parts of the brain.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which structure is present deep in the lateral sulcus?

This cavity is located between structures like the thalamus and hypothalamus in the midline of the brain and plays a role in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Which of the following cavities is present in the diencephalon?

This region of the brain is where you would find the motor map for your fingers, enabling you to perform delicate tasks like writing or typing.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following is responsible for fine hand movements?

Think about the CNS immune system—which cells out of the following don’t come from the neuroblast… but maybe from one of the germ layers.

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Which of the following does not arise from the neural tube?

This artery is a branch of the vertebral artery, supplying both the cerebellum and parts of the medulla, and is commonly involved in lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome).

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which artery supplies the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle?

To maximize pain control and minimize side effects

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

A patient is given an opioid injection after surgery for pain relief. Which of the following statements is correct regarding opioids?

This organism is known for causing a chronic form of meningitis that is often associated with other systemic symptoms like weight loss, night sweats, and a prolonged fever, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Which of the following organisms causes chronic bacterial meningoencephalitis?

These waves dominate when you’re focused, problem-solving, or actively engaged in thinking.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following waves are seen when a person is awake and is alert?

This nerve controls the most important muscle for breathing and originates from the cervical spinal cord. Damage to it would severely impact the ability to breathe without assistance.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Damage to which of the following nerves is responsible for the labored breathing in a patient with complete cord transection at cervical level?

This appearance in CSF is associated with a chronic bacterial infection caused by a slow-growing pathogen, which often leads to granulomatous inflammation in the meninges.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

What does a ‘cobweb’ appearance of the CSF indicate?

This imaging technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the body’s internal structures, particularly soft tissues, and is essential for assessing spinal cord damage after trauma.

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Category: Neuroscience – Radiology

Which of the following is the first choice of modality for diagnosing and examining suspected spinal cord lesions in patients who have suffered trauma?

“They speak fluently but don’t make sense, and they don’t understand what’s being said—where’s the lesion?”

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Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

A person suffered from a head injury resulting in the damage of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. The person is unable to understand words. What is this condition called?

🧠 “How many doses are needed to ensure a woman remains protected against tetanus throughout her reproductive years?”

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

A reproductive age female reported to the outpatient department with no prior dose of tetanus vaccine. What are the recommended doses by EPI protocol of tetanus for long-term prevention?

This structure is essential for transforming new experiences into lasting memories, and damage to it leads to difficulty in forming new memories.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The limbic system is the body’s most important system regarding emotions and behavior, which part of the limbic system is responsible for memory consolidation?

This sulcus is located in the occipital lobe and plays a crucial role in visual processing.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The visual cortex is present in the wall of which of the following sulci?

This structure is a narrow passage that runs through the midbrain, connecting two ventricles and allowing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following cavities is present in the midbrain?

These muscles are primarily responsible for the movements that allow you to tilt your head and shrug your shoulders, working together to facilitate both neck and shoulder motion.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following pairs of muscles is involved in shrugging of the shoulders and the movement of the neck?

This part of the neuron is the metabolic center, where neurotransmitter synthesis and cellular maintenance occur.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which part of the neuron has the Nissl substance?

“Imagine tiny perforations in a bone allowing the ‘smell’ signals to reach the brain—what bone in the skull has a plate with multiple holes?”

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Infections from the nasal mucosa can spread to the olfactory bulb in the cranial cavity due to the olfactory nerve passing through which of the following?

A stroke in this artery often affects language centers (if in the dominant hemisphere) and causes contralateral upper limb weakness.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A 58-year-old patient comes to the emergency room with his wife with complaints of inability to speak, weakness in his right upper limb, and is unable to understand what others are saying. The symptoms started 1 hour ago. He is known to have had hypertension for the past 8 years. A physical exam is performed by the doctor and a CT scan is ordered since the doctor suspects a stroke. Which artery is most likely to have the lesion?

Think about how sensory and motor signals travel—where would you expect to find neurons responsible for processing movement versus receiving sensory input?

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Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which of the following options is incorrectly matched?

Thrombolytics can cause dangerous bleeding, and certain conditions greatly increase this risk, particularly if there is excessive pressure on blood vessels.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

Which of the following is a contraindication of a thrombolytic drug?

This sensory pathway is bilateral and involves the superior olivary nucleus and medial geniculate body

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

A pathway that consists of the superior olivary nucleus and the trapezoid body connecting to the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body is responsible for detecting which sense?

This symptom is due to brainstem dysfunction

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following is a pathognomonic feature found in patients with rabies?

“In the CNS, one cell can myelinate many axons—what is it called?”

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Category: Neurosciences – Histology

The myelin sheath in the central nervous system is made of which of the following?

This process is critical for forming neurotransmitters like histamine, dopamine, and serotonin.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Amino acid is converted to an amine by which of the following processes?

This type of herniation pushes brain tissue affecting an artery that supplies the medial part of the brain, including lower limb areas.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The anterior cerebral artery will be compressed as a result of which of the following?

If you lost the ability to feel your body’s position and vibrations from your feet, this major spinal pathway would be disrupted.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following is responsible for carrying vibratory and proprioceptive information from the lower parts of the body?

These eosinophilic inclusions are characteristically found in chronic gliosis and certain brain tumors, often associated with astrocytes rather than neurons.

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Category: Neurosciences – Histology

In chronic gliosis, elongated, brightly eosinophilic protein aggregates within astrocyte processes are formed. What are they termed as?

This neurotransmitter is also used at the neuromuscular junction and activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system?

This structure is part of the basal ganglia and lies just beneath the anterior horn, playing a role in motor control.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy


Which of the following forms the floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle?

“Imagine standing on a moving train—what keeps you from falling over?”

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

These CSF-producing cells originate from the same embryonic layer that forms certain cells in the CNS.

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Cerebrospinal-filled cavities are lined by ependymal cells. These cells are derived from which of the following?

  1. Pachymeninges

This enzyme plays a critical role in the nervous system, catalyzing the final step in the production of a neurotransmitter that’s essential for motor function and cognitive processes.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which of the following key enzymes is required for the synthesis of acetylcholine?

This pathway originates from the motor cortex, controls skilled voluntary movements, and crosses at the medullary pyramids.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What is the role of the corticospinal tract?

This drug is derived from bacteria and is not reusable in the same patient due to immune response.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

Which fibrinolytic drug also has an antigenic effect?

This condition is sometimes referred to as “word blindness,” where a person can see words but cannot interpret them.

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following terms accurately describes the condition in which a person is unable to read?

This structure is a thin extension of the innermost meningeal layer, anchoring the spinal cord to the coccyx.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The highly vascular layer of the spinal cord forms which of the following?

This condition is known for hallucinations and delusions, and its treatment often involves dopamine antagonists.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which of the following is associated with increased dopamine levels?

This artery supplies the medial portion of the brain, where the lower limb motor and sensory cortex are located.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A 60-year-old diabetic patient has numbness in his left foot and leg. Which artery is affected?

This spinal tract runs ipsilaterally and is responsible for conveying fine touch and proprioception from the upper limb before decussating in the medulla.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person has lost sense of vibration, proprioception, and discriminative touch on the right upper limb. Lesion of which of the following is responsible for this loss?

These molecules become a primary energy source for the brain and muscles when glucose and glycogen stores are depleted.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

In which of the following phases would the ketone bodies be utilized?

The first step in managing any bite wound is cleaning it thoroughly to prevent infection. After cleaning, further risk assessment for rabies and other infections can be performed.

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

A 30-year-old man reported to the emergency department with a complaint of a dog bite on the right arm. The casualty is conscious but the wound is bleeding. No previous medical or surgical history is reported. After history taking, what is the first step of management?

This pathway is responsible for fine touch, proprioception, and vibration and crosses at the medulla, not in the spinal cord.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Sense of vibration travels to the central nervous system through which of the following pathways?

  1. Anterior spinocerebellar tract

This structure connects the two temporal lobes and is not involved in circadian rhythms or midbrain connections.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Epithalamus is a structure located on the posterior part of the diencephalon. Which of the following is not a part of the epithalamus?

This hypothalamic nucleus is essential for oxytocin release, which facilitates the milk let-down reflex.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which nucleus is activated upon suckling during breastfeeding?

This cranial nerve controls tongue movement, but its nucleus is located in the ventral medulla, making it unaffected in lateral medullary syndrome.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The arterial supply of the dorsal and lateral walls of the medulla oblongata is affected. Which of the following will not be observed?

This enzyme is crucial in ensuring that neurotransmission is brief and that the synaptic cleft is cleared of acetylcholine, allowing the nervous system to reset for the next signal.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

What enzyme degrades acetylcholine?

These molecules act like the body’s natural morphine, reducing pain and promoting euphoria.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

To which of the following classes do the endorphins belong?

This essential amino acid is converted into another amino acid that plays a central role in the production of dopamine and other related neurotransmitters.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which of the essential amino acids is used to synthesize L-DOPA?

Focus on the laterality of the pathways and the specific sensory modalities. Vibration from the upper limbs is carried by the fasciculus cuneatus in the ipsilateral dorsal white column.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Lesion of which of the following would cause loss of vibration in the upper limbs?

This condition results from a severe spinal cord injury

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A person had an accident after which he is unable to move his body, except for his head, and the weak shrugging of the shoulders. He has also lost all his senses including light touch, pain, and temperature senses below the neck level, and is now unable to perceive his position in space. The doctor immediately provides him with ventilation as he was not able to breathe properly. Which of the following is suspected?

This structure is hidden within the lateral sulcus and is not visible on a medial section of the brain.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which structure is not present in the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere?

This neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation and is synthesized from tryptophan, not tyrosine.

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Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which of the following is not derived from tyrosine?

This nerve is cranial in origin and specifically enables you to lift your shoulders, as well as some neck movements.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

A 21-year-old male got into an accident and is unable to move his body, except for the weak shrugging of his shoulders and the movement of his head. Which of the following nerves must be intact to allow this movement of the shoulders?

This small nucleus in the basal ganglia is part of the indirect motor pathway, and damage here causes uncontrolled, flinging movements.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Hemiballismus is caused due to damage to which of the following structures?

This structure acts as the “decision-making center” of the neuron, determining whether the signal is strong enough to fire an action potential.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

At which of the following structures do the nerve impulses converge to create an action potential?

This structure is a thin partition that separates the left and right lateral ventricles, forming a key part of the ventricular system.

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Category: Neurosciences – Embryology

Which of the following structures forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricle?

This condition occurs when a person cannot speak fluently nor understand language, affecting both speech and comprehension.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Lesion of which of the following parts will result in global aphasia?

Imagine someone asks you for your keys.. and you reach into your pocket.. and well.. that happens.. sad innit.

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Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Somatosensory area-I is highly localized and the somatosensory area-II is poorly localized. An ablation of the somatosensory area-I will significantly impair which of the following?

This drug is used in organophosphate poisoning and is known for its ability to increase heart rate and dilate pupils.

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Category: Neurosciences – Pharmacology

Which of the following is an antagonist of the muscarinic receptor?

This neurotransmitter is known for mood regulation and sleep initiation—low levels are linked to insomnia and depression.

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Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which neurotransmitter is secreted by the Raphe nuclei that also plays a role in non-REM sleep?

This structure, located in the dorsal horn, plays a key role in regulating pain signals before they are relayed to the brain.

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Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which of the following structures is important for the perception of pain in the spinal cord?

This memory type allows you to perform skills effortlessly after extensive practice, even if you don’t consciously recall the steps

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Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following represents the type of memory that is acquired but becomes unconscious and automatic later on?

Damage to this part of the thalamus results in a devastating sensory loss, followed by intense, burning pain on the opposite side of the body.

126 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following would most likely be affected in the thalamic syndrome?

This gland has a certain nerve passing through it, but it does NOT receive innervation from it. Instead, it is controlled by another cranial nerve that also supplies the tongue and pharynx.

127 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The nerve which passes through stylomastoid foramen does not supply which of the following?

“Which part of the autonomic nervous system slows the heart and aids digestion instead of preparing for danger?”

128 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following is not associated with the fight and flight response?

Think about the hierarchy of motor control. Which areas are involved in the planning and preparation stages of movement, as opposed to the execution or refinement stages?

129 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which structure controls the function of the motor cortex?

These specialized neurons in the hypothalamus detect increased solute concentration

130 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

In increased thirst, the brain responds to the increased osmolality of the extracellular fluid by activating which of the following?

This type of cell is primarily found in the cerebral cortex, and it has a characteristic shape with a pyramid-like body and long dendrites.

131 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which types of cells are not present in the cerebellar cortex?

This system governs motivation and emotions, influencing behaviors like addiction and reinforcement learning.

132 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Reward and punishment centers are located in which of the following structures?

These cells are a type of glial cell in the brain that provide support and maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, playing a critical role in the protection of the central nervous system.

133 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Biochemistry

Which one of the following forms the blood-brain barrier?

This condition occurs when CSF flow is physically blocked within the ventricular system, leading to enlargement of the ventricles above the obstruction.

134 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Obstruction at the foramen of Monro will cause which of the following conditions?

These fibers regulate the tension in the muscle spindle to ensure it can detect stretch even when the muscle is contracted.

135 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which one of the following innervates intrafusal muscle fibers?

This structure helps your eyes automatically track fast-moving objects, ensuring you can follow something in motion without conscious effort.

136 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

The corpora quadrigemina is a region present on the posterior surface of the midbrain. Which part of it is involved in the visual pathway?

This type of receptor is specifically involved in detecting stimuli that could cause injury or harm, leading to the sensation we associate with distress.

137 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following sensations is detected by nociceptors?

Focus on the initial response of sensory receptors to a stimulus. Think about what happens at the molecular level when a stimulus is detected by a receptor.

138 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

The nerve endings at the end of the receptor have a receptor potential due to which of the following?

This condition results in the loss of motor and sensory functions in both the arms and legs, as the injury affects the most superior part of the spinal cord.

139 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

What would be observed in complete cord transection at the cervical level?

This ion is the primary driver of depolarization when a nicotinic receptor is activated.

140 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Acetylcholine increases the permeability of which of the following ions when it binds to nicotinic receptors at the postsynaptic neuron?

“Think beyond just a single nerve or muscle fiber—this term describes their collective function in movement.”

141 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

What is the combination of a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates called?

Consider which type of intrafusal fiber is responsible for detecting rapid stretch, rather than sustained stretch.

142 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following is responsible for the dynamic control of muscle spindles?

Think about what happens to your body when you’re deeply asleep. What’s slowing down? What’s at its lowest point?

143 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Slow-wave sleep is concerned with which of the following?

This CSF component increases due to inflammation

144 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Pathology

Viral meningitis is detected by an increase in which of the following components of cerebrospinal fluid?

Think about where dense synaptic interactions occur in the cerebellum. This structure is a key site for sensory input processing and contains inhibitory interneurons that regulate signal flow before reaching the Purkinje cells. Would this be in the outermost layer, where mainly dendrites and parallel fibers exist, or in a deeper layer with synaptic clusters?

145 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which of the following is incorrect about the glomerulus in the cerebellum?

A stroke in this artery leads to contralateral lower limb weakness and sensory deficits.

146 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which artery is involved in the supply of leg and foot areas of the primary motor cortex?

This structure is an endocrine gland located within the sella turcica and is not associated with the dural reflections that separate the brain structures.

147 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which one of the following is not a dural fold?

A good medical relationship involves  both doctor and patient contributing to treatment decisions.

148 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Community Medicine + Behavioural Sciences

Which of the following should be the relationship between the doctor and the patient?

These fibers are part of the sensory pathway, bringing information about the external environment and internal body conditions to your brain.

149 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which one of the fibers are used by sensory receptors to carry impulse from the periphery to the central nervous system?

This syndrome primarily affects motor function and pain/temperature sensation, but certain sensory modalities related to spatial awareness and fine touch typically remain intact.

150 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following sensations are spared in anterior cord syndrome?

These channels are always open, allowing a constant flow of ions, which keeps the inside of the neuron more negative.

151 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Physiology

Which of the following is responsible for the negative resting membrane potential of -70 millivolts of neurons?

This structure is heavily involved in protein synthesis and is stained basophilic due to its high RNA content.

152 / 153

Category: Neurosciences – Histology

Which of the following substances will be seen in nissl substance under the microscope?

If you can differentiate between silk and sandpaper by touch, this pathway is at work. Ask three certain Aussie cricketers, they would know.

153 / 153

Category: NeuroSciences – Anatomy

Which of the following pathways is responsible for the transmission of senses of discriminative or fine touch?

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